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Rule
Gradus GE-101 · cite this code — it is permanent. Rule id expr-dynamic-sudden-accent-persistence
fp/sf/sfz/fz/rfz/sffz are momentary accents on a single note; the underlying sustained dynamic before the accent is what continues afterward (an `fp` conventionally implies the level drops to piano immediately after the loud attack, not that the piece is now "at fp level").
Gould, Behind Bars, ch. Dynamics distinguishes sustained-level marks (ppp…fff) from sudden/local accent marks; Read, Music Notation, ch. Dynamics, gives the same split and specifically explains `fp` as forte attack immediately followed by piano.
This rule can be decided from pitches, durations and voices — no layout required. A validator can check it before anything is drawn.
Gradus GE-101 — Sudden-accent dynamics (fp, sf, sfz, fz, rfz, sffz) do not redefine the prevailing sustained level. Gradus Engraving Rulebook v1.0. https://gradusmusic.com/engraving/rule/expr-dynamic-sudden-accent-persistence
Rulebook v1.0 · text licensed CC-BY-4.0 · machine-readable at /api/v1/engraving/rules/expr-dynamic-sudden-accent-persistence